Bronchial Cytokine Changes Following Bronchial Resection and Reconstruction for Carcinoid Tumor.

As bronchial carcinoids are known to be notably rare, adequate histochemical investigations couldn’t have been carried out on these types of tumors hitherto. In this study, we investigated bronchial cytokines in a carcinoid tumor localized in the left main bronchus. Bronchial resection and reconstruction was performed without the lung resection. Bronchial lavage samples were obtained from both sides of main bronchial system preoperatively and postoperatively. TNF-α, IL-8 and IL6 levels were measured by ELİSA. Preoperative TNF-α and IL-8 levels were found to be 2- folds and 5-folds higher on the tumor side respectively (TNF-α; 14.184 pg/ml and IL-8; 3359.86 pg/ml) compared to tumor-free bronchial system (TNF-α; 6.886 pg/ml, IL-8; 615.072 pg/ml). Interestingly, both cytokine levels were found to be equal and within normal ranges on both sides subsequent to bronchial resection and reconstruction. There were no significant difference in IL-6 levels between two bronchial systems preoperatively (IL-6 levels of right bronchus, 16.44 pg/ml; levels of left bronchus, 19.11 pg/ml). However, there was more than four-fold increase in postoperative levels (IL-6 level; 89.41 pg/ml). In our study, we found that preoperative TNF-α and IL-8 levels were higher compared to the postoperative ones; whereas IL-6 levels showed a significant increase, postoperatively. These findings led us through the idea that carcinoid tumors might be activating the inflammatory process among TNF-α and IL-8 and the surgical bronchoplastic procedure could be the cause of enhanced IL-6 response.

The Efficacy of Tramadol Combined with A Donor of NO, Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Mixture on Cytokines, NF-KB Expression and Oxıdative Stress Marker in the Rat Model of Formalin-Induced Inflammation.

In addition to well-known analgesic action of tramadol, its potential antinflammatory effects have not been thoroughly evaluated. On the other hand, effectiveness of antioxidants is also reported against inflammation. It is known that glyceryl trinitrate, as a nitric oxide donor, enhance the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, the efficacy of the tramadol mixtue with glyceryl trinitrate on cytokines, NF-kappa B expression and oxidative stress marker was examined on the formalin-induced inflammation in rats (Tramadol 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg + nitroglycerine 1 mg/kg). Cytokines (TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10) and oxidative/anti-oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) were measured in blood samples. NF-kappa B expression was assessed immunohistochemically in spleen and thymus. The results show that tramadol 30 mg/kg has both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Additionally, it was evidenced that glyceryl trinitrate improves the antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Tramadol (30 mg/kg) on the formalin-induced inflammation in rats. In this framework, the present study provides a unique approach for the analysis of the efficacy of tramadol and additive effects of glyceryl trinitrate on the acute inflammations in rats.